Table of Contents

• Home Page

• Cover Page

• What's New

• Image and Animation Index

• Solar System Introduction
  • Sun
    • Sun Introduction
    • Educator's Guide to Convection
    • Educator's Guide to Eclipses
    • Educator's Guide to Sunspots
    • Chronology of Sun Exploration
  • Mercury
    • Mercury Introduction
    • Chronology of Mercury Exploration
  • Venus
    • Venus Introduction
    • Venusian Impact Craters
    • Venusian Volcanic Features
    • Chronology of Venus Exploration
  • Earth
    • Earth Introduction
    • Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics
    • Earth From Space
    • Clouds From Space
    • Terrestrial Impact Craters
      • Terrestrial Impact Crater List
      • Educator's Guide to Impact Craters
    • Terrestrial Volcanoes
      • Hawaiian Volcanoes
      • Resurgent Calderas and the Valles Caldera
    • The Moon
      • Apollo Landing Missions
      • Educator's Guide to Eclipses
      • Educator's Guide to Moon Phases
  • Mars
    • Mars Introduction
    • Martian Volcanoes
    • Martian Clouds
    • The Face on Mars
    • Satellites of Mars
      • Phobos, Deimos
    • The Rationale for Exploring Mars
    • Chronology of Mars Exploration
    • Project Viking Fact Sheet
    • Mars Image Browser
  • Jupiter
    • Jupiter Introduction
    • Satellites of Jupiter
      • Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, Sinope
    • Chronology of Jupiter Exploration
    • Voyager Jupiter Science Summary
    • Hubble Finds Ozone on Jupiter's Moon Ganymede
  • Saturn
    • Saturn Introduction
    • Satellites of Saturn
      • Pan, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Epimetheus, Janus, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Telesto, Calypso, Dione, Helene, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, Phoebe, New Satellites of Saturn
    • Chronology of Saturn Exploration
    • Voyager Saturn Science Summary
    • The Cassini Mission
  • Uranus
    • Uranus Introduction
    • Satellites of Uranus
      • Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Puck, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon
    • Uranus Science Summary
    • Chronology of Uranus Exploration
  • Neptune
    • Neptune Introduction
    • Satellites of Neptune
      • Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, Proteus, Triton, Nereid
    • Voyager Neptune Science Summary
    • Chronology of Neptune Exploration
  • Pluto and Charon
    • Pluto and Charon Introduction
    • Chronology of Pluto Exploration
  • Asteroids
    • Asteroid Introduction
    • Asteroids
      • Gaspra, Ida, Toutatis, Castalia, Vesta, Geographos
    • Chronology of Asteroid Exploration
  • Comets
    • Comet Introduction
    • Comets
      • Halley's Comet
      • Shoemaker-Levy 9 Background
      • Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impact
      • Kuiper Belt Objects
        • Hubble Detects Long-Sought Comet Population Beyond Neptune
    • Comet Tutorial
    • Educator's Make a Comet Nucleus
    • Chronology of Comet Space Exploration
  • Meteoroids and Meteorites
    • Meteoroid and Meteorite Introduction
    • Educator's Guide to Impact Craters
    • Educator's Guide to Micrometeorites

• History of Space Exploration
  • Space History
    • Introduction
    • Rocket History
    • Early Astronauts
    • Automated Spacecraft
    • Hypothetical Planets
  • Chronology of Space Exploration
    • By Date
    • By Planetary Body
      • Sun, Mercury, Venus, Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Asteroids, Comets
    • Chronology of Solar System Discovery
  • U.S. Missions
    • Apollo Landing Missions
      • Prologue
      • Spacecraft, Suits, and Rovers
      • Precursors to the Landing Missions
      • Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17
      • Epilogue: When might we go back to the Moon?
    • Robotic Spacecraft
      • Mariner Missions
        • Mariner 2, Mariner 4, Mariner 5, Mariner 6 & 7, Mariner 9, Mariner 10
      • Ranger to the Moon (1964 - 1965)
        • Ranger 7, Ranger 8, Ranger 9
      • Lunar Orbiter (1966-1967)
        • Lunar Orbiter 1, Lunar Orbiter 2, Lunar Orbiter 3, Lunar Orbiter 4, Lunar Orbiter 5
      • Surveyor
      • Viking
        • Project Viking Fact Sheet
      • Voyager
        • The Voyager Planetary Mission
          • Voyager Jupiter Science Summary
          • Voyager Saturn Science Summary
          • Voyager Neptune Science Summary
          • Voyager Uranus Science Summary
      • Magellan
      • Galileo
        • Galileo Project Fact Sheet
      • Cassini
        • Cassini Fact Sheet
  • USSR Missions
    • The Soviet Lunar Program
      • Luna Mission Summaries, 1959 - 1976
      • Zond Mission Summaries, 1965 - 1970
    • The Soviet Mars Program
      • Phobos
    • The Soviet Venus Program
      • Venera 15 & 16
  • European Missions
    • Giotto
    • Ulysses
  • Japanese Missions
    • Sakigake
    • Suisei

• Lesson Plans & Activities
  • Comets
  • Convection
  • Impact Craters
  • Eclipses
  • Inverse Square Law
  • Life in the Universe
  • Micrometeorites
  • Moon Phases
  • Robotic Spacecraft
  • Spotting the Shuttle
  • Sunspots
  • Luna and Io - A Comparison Study

• Sun, Planet and Satellite Data
  • Planetary Data Browser (Generate Sorted Lists)

• Glossary

• People Who Made A Contribution

• Acknowledgements

• Comment Form

Author: Calvin J. Hamilton